[Explanation of Laws and Regulations]

An Overview of the Amendments to Government and Ministerial Ordinances for Establishing Bank Agency Business System and other deregulation measures

I.
Introduction
  The Law for Partial Amendments to the Banking Law, etc. (2005 Law No.106; hereinafter referred to as the ''Amended Law'') was promulgated on November 2, 2005 and came into force on April 1, 2006. With the aim of improving convenience for depositors, etc. and the efficiency of bank management, it was designed to review the bank agent system and establish a bank agency business system, etc., as well as to take measures intended to relax the business regulations, etc. and ensure the proper business operations of banks, etc.
   The basic approach to a bank agency business system is to secure and improve users' access to financial services and allow financial institutions to enter into a bank agent business in more diverse ways so that they can efficiently utilize various sales channels. In accordance with this approach, the previous requirement of a capital relationship with a bank has been removed for general businesses wishing to enter a bank agent business, and bank agents are now allowed to operate a non-bank agent business as well. On the other hand, a business permit is required to enter a bank agent business so that it should be executed in a proper and steady fashion, while approval is required on an individual basis for a bank agent to operate a non-bank agent business. Further, a series of measures should also be taken to ensure user protection and the soundness of banks.
   Having already given an overview of the Amended Law in ''Amendments to the Banking Law, etc.,'' which appeared in the ''Explanation of Laws and Regulations'' section of FSA Newsletter December 2005, we will, this time, describe an overview of the major amendments to government and ministerial ordinances, etc. that were made as a result of the Law taking effect.

II.
Bank agency business system
1. Criteria for a Bank Agent Business Permit
    To obtain a bank agent business permit, an application must be examined to see if the following criteria are met (Article 52-38, paragraph 1 of the Banking Law):
      an applicant should be a party that has a proprietary foundation deemed necessary to operate a bank agent business;
      an applicant should be a party that, in the light of its/his personnel structure, etc., has a capacity necessary to execute a bank agent business in a correct, fair and efficient fashion and enjoys sufficient trust from society; and
      an applicant should be a party who is not deemed, by operating another business, to potentially harm the proper and steady operation of its/his bank agent business.
    In line with this provision, a regulation amendment has been made so that the following matters should be noted in examining an application for the said permit:
   
(1)		  
Proprietary foundation (Article 52-38, paragraph 1, item 1 of the Banking Law)
        The Financial Services Agency (FSA) believes that as effects of an act that a bank agent performs belong to the affiliate bank (the bank that authorizes the agent to act for it) and the agent itself therefore never has a deposit liability, etc., it is not necessary to require a proprietary foundation of a level as high as would be required in the case of a bank; nevertheless, from a viewpoint of ensuring the appropriate business operation, including the prevention of any misspending or misuse of funds, etc. provided by customers in relation to a bank agent business, and of ensuring stable and continual service offerings, a requirement for a bare minimum proprietary foundation has been established.
   Specific criteria for proprietary foundation were determined, partly by reference to cases under other laws and regulations, as: an applicant should have 5 million yen or greater in the case of a corporation, or 3 million yen or greater in the case of an individual person, in net assets (assets minus liabilities) (Article 34-36 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law), and should be expected to be capable of maintaining the level of the said proprietary foundation throughout three business years after the opening of its/his bank agent business (Article 34-37, item 2 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
 
    (2) An applicant should be a party that, in the light of its/his personnel structure, etc., has a capacity necessary to execute a bank agent business in a correct, fair and efficient fashion and enjoys sufficient trust from society (Article 52-38, paragraph 1, item 2 of the Banking Law)
          Business execution capacity
        A regulation amendment has been made so that, in order to determine whether or not an applicant has the capacity necessary to execute a bank agent business in a correct, fair and efficient fashion
       
-   the status of securing personnel with a capacity relevant to a bank agent business and
-   the business operation structure for a bank agent business should be examined to see if they meet the following requirements:
       
The status of securing personnel with a capacity relevant to a bank agent business (Article 34-37, item 3, (i) and (ro) of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law)
(a) An applicant should have a person or persons with sufficient knowledge relevant to the operation of a bank agent business assigned as manager or managers responsible for statutory compliance in each place of business that operates a bank agent business, and also have such a person or persons assigned as supervising manager or supervising managers of the division supervising a bank agent business.
If a bank agent that has multiple places of business or offices (hereinafter referred to singularly as ''place of business, etc.'') performs a bank agent business solely in its principal place of business, etc. (main office), it suffices to assign such manager or managers in the said place of business, etc.; if, however, it performs a bank agent business solely in an auxiliary place of business, etc. (branch), it needs to assign such a manager or managers in the said auxiliary place of business, etc. and such supervising manager or supervising managers who directs or direct the said auxiliary place of business, etc. in the division supervising a bank agent business in its principal place of business, etc. (main office). If a bank agent has only one place of business, etc., the assignment of supervising manager is not required.
(b) If an applicant intends to offer a checking account service or loan service, at least one of the managers assigned in the respective places of business, etc. that operates a bank agent business and at least one of the supervising managers assigned in the division supervising a bank agent business should be a person with the following work experience:
  (i) In the case of offering a checking account service:
    In the case of offering a checking account service (only where no loan service is offered), the applicant should have assigned a person who has engaged in a checking account service or loan service for a total of three years or longer or who is deemed to have a capacity at least equivalent thereto.
   In this case, in the FSA's view, the FSA requirement will be considered to be met if his work experience is an engagement in a checking account service alone for three years, as well as either an engagement in a business loan service for three years or an engagement in the combination of the two for three years.
  (ii) In the case of offering a loan service
    In the case of offering a loan service, the applicant should have assigned a person who has engaged in a loan service for three years or longer or who is deemed to have a capacity at least equivalent thereto.
   If, however, the applicant intends, in its loan service offerings, to handle only standard loan agreements regarding deposit or government bond secured loans, or funds for non-business purposes and not to be involved in any checks regarding agreement signing, the Regulation allows it to suffice if he has sufficient knowledge of a loan service and does not require work experience in a loan service; if the applicant intends to offer standardized loan products and not to be involved in any checks regarding agreement signing, the Regulation likewise only requires the assignment of a person who has engaged in a loan service for one year or longer or who is deemed to have a capacity at least equivalent thereto.

Business operation structure (Article 34-37, item 3, (ha), (ni) and (ho) of the Regulation)
   A regulation amendment was made so that an applicant should be examined to see if the following requirements are met on the subject of business operation structure:
(a) If an applicant intends to function as an agent in a deposit or money order service, a structure for administrative work processing, including online processing, that is needed according to the content of a bank agent business should have been set in place.
   This does not, however, preclude bank agents from processing transactions by means other than online or real-time processing if, in addition to cases that involve no account transactions, it is deemed that a structure has been in place that will not entail any issues, such as one requiring prior consent from a customer.
(b) An applicant is deemed to have ensured the business operation in compliance with laws and regulations, etc. by, for instance, establishing internal rules, etc. and having its business operation checked according to such rules, etc.
(c) An applicant is not deemed to potentially harm the correct, fair and efficient execution of a bank agent business due to its/his personnel or capital structure or organization, etc.
   This addresses the possibility that if, for instance, an applicant itself will purportedly perform a bank agent business as its sole business but its parent or subsidiary corporation, etc. operates some other business, such a setup might give rise to a negative occurrence such as an act constituting a conflict of interest, depending on, for example, the status of executives serving in multiple positions or the business operation structure.
          Trust from society (Article 34-37, items 4 and 5 of the Regulation)
        It has now been clarified that an applicant (if an applicant is a corporation, including its executives) does not enjoy trust from society if any of the following descriptions applies to it/him; no permit will be granted to an organized crime group member, etc., as any such person is naturally deemed not to enjoy trust from society:
       
-   an adult ward or a person under curatorship
-   a bankrupt person who has not had its/his rights restored
-   a person who had received a prison sentence or a severer punishment which he either finished serving or was discharged from on a date that still falls within the last five years
-   a party who had violated the Banking Law, etc., the Law Concerning the Regulation of Receiving of Capital Subscription or the Moneylending Control Law and had received a sentence of fine which the party either finished serving or was discharged from on a date that still falls within the last five years
-   a party who was subjected to the revocation, etc. of its license for a banking business, etc. or permit for a bank agent business, etc. of which date still falls within the last five years, or
-   a person who has been ordered to resign from an executive position of a bank or bank agent, etc. in accordance with the Banking Law.
   
(3)
Non-bank agent business operation criteria (Article 52-38, paragraph 1, item 3 of the Banking Law)
        A regulation amendment has been made so that none of the following conditions should be met to fulfill the requirement of being a party who is not deemed, by operating a non-bank agent business, to potentially harm the proper and steady operation of its/his bank agent business (Article 34-37, item 6 of the Regulation).
   No specific restriction has been established in the Regulation against offering deposit and money order services while operating a non-bank agent business, in consideration that there is only a low likelihood that a negative occurrence, such as an act constituting a conflict of interest, might result from the non-bank agent business operation.
       
-   The content of the non-bank agent business runs afoul of a law or regulation.
-   The content of the non-bank agent business might damage trust from society in the applicant as a bank agent.
   This might apply to cases where, for instance, a bank agent operates a non-bank agent business such as a business that might disturb good morals or public peace and quiet, a business that is contrary to public order and decency, and a business of an antisocial nature.
-   The nature of lending activities does not fit the following descriptions:
   
(a) in operating as an agent or broker in deposit or government bond secured loans or consumer loans, or lending for a business purpose, the applicant intends to offer standardized loan products (up to 10 million yen) and not to be involved in any checks regarding the signing of agreements thereon; and
(b) in addition to operating as an agent or broker in deposit or government bond secured loans, the applicant, in the case of an applicant whose main business is in credit facilities, such as a moneylending business, credit business and loan guarantee, etc., intends to offer standardized consumer loan products and not to be involved in any checks regarding the signing of agreements thereon (only in the case of loans, etc. secured by a property, etc. purchased with the funds so loaned).
-   It is deemed that an act lacking in customer protection might be committed by the abuse of dominant bargaining position held in the non-bank agent business.
 
2.
Criteria for approval for non-bank agent business operation (Article 52-42, paragraph 1 of the Banking Law)
    A regulation amendment has been made so that an application for approval for non-bank agent business operation should be examined according to the non-bank agent business operation criteria described in Section 1(3) above (Article 34-41, paragraph 3 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
   In the FSA's view, approval for non-bank agent business operation should be required if a bank agent intends to newly operate a business that belongs to a group different from the group to which its current non-bank agent business belongs in the two-figure category set out in the Japan Standard Industrial Classification (or in the four-digit category if the business belongs to Division K: Finance and Insurance).
   An act of operating as an agent or broker in an incidental operation operated by an affiliate bank that is performed on behalf of the said affiliate bank counts as one ''operation incidental to a bank agent business'' (Article 52-42, paragraph 1 of the Banking Law) that a bank agent may operate without obtaining approval for non-bank agent business operation, but such an act will be treated as a non-bank agent business for which approval for non-bank agent business operation is required if any restriction under another law or regulation, such as a permit or license requirement, applies to the establishment of such an operation.
 
3.
Segregated Account Management (Article 52-43 of the Banking Law)
    Segregated account management is a measure legislated to prohibit a bank agent, in operating a non-bank agent business, from misspending or misusing funds, etc. regarding its bank agent business and to ensure steady receipts and payments of funds between a bank agent and an affiliate bank. More specifically, a regulation amendment has been made so that accounts should be managed in a state in which funds and other assets provided by customers in relation to a bank-representing act can be recognized immediately as to whether they are the bank agency's own assets or are attributed to any, and which, affiliate bank by, for example, maintaining them in separate locations (Article 34-42 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
 
4.
Explanation to Customers, etc.
    (1) Clear statement to customers (Article 52-44, paragraph 1 of the Banking Law)
        In performing a bank-representing act (which refers to any act specified in the respective items of Article 2, paragraph 14 of the Banking Law), a bank agent is now required to clearly state the following matters to a customer, in addition to the trade name of the affiliate bank and the distinction between acting as an agent and acting as a broker (Article 34-43 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law):
       
In accepting funds or any other asset from the customer in relation to a bank-representing act, the fact that the bank agent is authorized by the affiliate bank to accept such funds
Where there are two or more affiliate banks:
       
-   if applicable, the fact that the service fee payable by the customer for the agreement regarding a bank-representing act that the customer intends to enter into and the service fee payable to another affiliate bank for an agreement similar to the said agreement are different;
-   if applicable, the fact that the bank agent acts, on behalf of another affiliate bank, as an agent or broker in the signing of an agreement that is similar to the agreement regarding a bank-representing act that the customer intends to enter into; and
-   the trade name or appellation of the affiliate bank which will be the party to the customer's transaction.
        In addition to the above, a regulation has been amended so as to require a bank agent to supply information to be referred to by a customer, including the content of the similar agreement that is similar to the agreement regarding a bank-representing act mentioned above, upon request of the customer (Article 34-46 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
    (2) Supply of information to depositors, etc. (Article 52-44, paragraph 2 of the Banking Law)
        As with the obligation of a bank to supply information to depositors, etc., a bank agent is now required to clearly state matters including the interest rates, service fees and coverage under the Deposit Insurance Law of major deposits, term deposits or premiums (hereinafter referred to as ''deposits, etc.''), and give an explanation of product information, etc. (Article 34-44 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
    (3) Measures intended to ensure the sound and appropriate operation (Article 52-44, paragraph 3 of the Banking Law)
       
Prevention of confusion with deposits, etc.
  In engaging in sales, etc. of a financial product other than deposits, etc., a bank agent is now required to give an explanation of matters by providing written information, etc. for the purpose of preventing confusion with deposits, etc., including (A) the fact that it is not a deposit or term deposit, etc., (B) the fact that it is not covered by the deposit insurance, (C) the fact that the return of the principal is not guaranteed, and (D) who the party to the agreement is. Another requirement has also been set so that a bank agent must post in a fashion easily visible to customers at the teller counter of a place of business, etc. that performs bank-representing acts, the fact that it is performing bank-representing acts (Article 34-45 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
Proper handling of customer information
  As is the case for a bank, a bank agent is now required to take measures, in addition to the individual customer data safety management measures, etc. (Article 34-47 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law), that are intended to ensure that: (A) the bank agent will not use for any purposes other than a bank agent business any undisclosed financial information regarding a customer that the bank agent handles in the bank agent business in the absence of prior consent from the said customer in writing, etc.; and (B) the bank agent will not use in any operation concerning a bank agent business any undisclosed information regarding a customer that the bank agent handles in a non-bank agent business in the absence of prior consent from the said customer in writing, etc., or will not supply the same to an affiliate bank in the absence of prior consent from the said customer in writing, etc. (Article 34-48 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
Development of internal rules, etc.
  A regulation amendment has been made so as to require a bank agent to set out internal rules, etc. for the explanation to a customer of material matters taking into consideration the knowledge, experience and asset status of the customer or any other measures intended to ensure the sound and appropriate business operation (including measures intended to explain the details of, and risks involved in, a product or transaction by providing written information or any other appropriate method and intended to prevent crime) according to the content and method of the bank agent business that it operates, and also to develop training for employees or any other structure sufficient for its business to be operated in accordance with the said internal rules, etc. (Article 34-49 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
    (4) Prohibited acts in relation to a bank agent business (Article 52-45 of the Banking Law)
           The following acts in relation to a bank agent business are now specified as prohibited acts that lack in the protection of customers and might harm the sound and appropriate execution of the operation of an affiliate bank:
        done to a customer
       
-   An act of giving false information
-   An act of providing a categorical judgment about an uncertain matter or giving information that might mislead a customer to believe an uncertain matter to be certain
-   Tie-in financing
-   Financing by reason of a personal connection
-   An act of omitting to inform a customer of, or giving potentially misleading information to a customer on, a material matter taking into consideration his knowledge, experience and asset status according to the content and method of the bank agent business that the bank agent operates
-   Abuse of dominant bargaining position as a bank agent or in the course of a non-bank agent business
        done to an affiliate bank
       
-   An act of omitting to inform an affiliate bank of, or giving false information to an affiliate bank on, a material matter that would affect its judgment on the signing of an agreement regarding a bank-representing act (Article 34-53 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law)
    (5) Holidays and hours of operation of bank agents (Article 52-46 of the Banking Law)
        As is the case for places of business of a bank, holidays and hours of operation of places of business, etc. of a bank agent that acts as an agent in a checking account service are, from a perspective of ensuring the stability in the settlement system, now subject to the restriction on statutory holidays (Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays, and from December 31 to January 3) and hours of operation (from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.) under the Banking Law.
   While a place of business, etc. that does not offer a checking account service is not subject to the application of the said restriction and is, therefore, not precluded from operating on statutory holidays and outside of statutory hours of operation, a regulation amendment has been made so as to require a bank agent to post its holidays and hours of operation in a place easily visible to the public (Article 16-7 of the Enforcement Ordinance of the Banking Law; Articles 34-54 and 34-55 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
    (6) Books and records regarding a bank agent business (Article 52-49 of the Banking Law)
        A bank agent is now subject to the obligation to prepare and retain general ledgers (for five years) for its principal place of business, etc., bank representation ledgers (for ten years) for its auxiliary places of business, etc. and, if no representing act is involved, documents stating the content of brokering acts, all for the purpose of making processing and calculations of a bank agent business clear (Article 34-58 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
    (7) Reports on a bank agent business (Article 52-50 of the Banking Law)
        A bank agent is now required to submit a report on its bank agent business within three months after the end of its business year, together with asset check records and a document stating the cash flow status, or with the balance sheet and profit-and-loss statement (Article 34-59 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
    (8) Access to explanatory documents, etc. of an affiliate bank (Article 52-21 of the Banking Law)
        From a perspective of information disclosure to customers, a regulation amendment has been made so as to require a bank agent to have and make accessible to the public to read in places of business, etc. that operate a bank agent business a so-called disclosure bulletin that an affiliate bank or the bank holding company that is the parent of the affiliate bank has prepared and made accessible to the public to read under provisions of the Banking Law, within four months after the end of each business year of the affiliate bank or the bank holding company that is the parent of the said affiliate bank (Article 34-60 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
 
5.
Guidance, etc. by an affiliate bank to a bank agent
    An affiliate bank is subject to the obligation to ensure the sound and appropriate operation of a bank agent business, such as business guidance to a bank agent (Article 52-58 of the Banking Law); more specifically, it is now required to take the following measures (Article 34-63 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law):
   
-   Measures including business guidance and offering of training designed to have a bank agent comply with laws and regulations, etc. concerning a bank agent business
-   Measures for checks and improvement, etc. of the status of the bank agent business implementation
-   Measures for amendment or termination of the authorization agreement or reauthorization agreement on a bank agent business
-   Measures for the affiliate bank to conduct necessary checks of a bank agent's handling of moneylending activities, etc.
-   Measures to ensure the appropriate management of customer information, including preventing a bank agent from fraudulently acquiring customer information
-   Measures to have a bank agent post on the storefront the trade name of the affiliate bank, letters signifying that the bank agent is a bank agent, and the name of the bank agent
-   Measures for crime prevention in places of business, etc. of a bank agent
-   Measures for the event of closedown of a place of business, etc. that operates a bank agent business, designed not to bring about a significant impact on customers, including the smooth takeover to a place of business, etc. of the affiliate bank
-   Measures to deal with complaints from customers of a bank agent in an appropriate and prompt fashion
 
6.
Exemption (Article 52-61 of the Banking Law)
    A regulation amendment has been made so as to designate long-term credit banks, shinkin banks, federations of shinkin banks, credit cooperatives, federations of credit cooperatives, rokin banks, federations of rokin banks, agricultural cooperatives, federations of agricultural cooperatives, fisheries cooperatives, federations of fisheries cooperatives, marine product processing industry cooperatives, federations of marine product processing industry cooperatives and the Norinchukin Bank, as parties who may operate a bank agent business without a bank agent business permit, in addition to banks (Article 16-8 of the Enforcement Ordinance of the Banking Law).
 
7.
Delegation of authority (Article 59 of the Banking Law)
    A regulation amendment has been made so that, as a general rule, the authority regarding a bank agent business, including the authority concerning a bank agent business permit, should be delegated to the Director of the Local Finance (Branch) Bureau responsible for the geographical area in which the principal place of business, etc. of a bank agent is located (Article 17-4 of the Enforcement Ordinance of the Banking Law).

III.
Other deregulations
     An overview of other major deregulations implemented in the course of the latest government and ministerial ordinance reforms is as follows:
  1. Holidays and hours of operation of a bank
    (1) Holidays of a bank
        A regulation amendment has been made so that a day that is not a statutory holiday may be designated as a holiday if approved on the grounds that doing so would not potentially interfere with the sound and appropriate business operation due to, in addition to special circumstances on the part of the site of the place of business of a bank, such circumstances as the unlikelihood that customers should be inconvenienced considerably by such a holiday by reason of the district category (residential, office, commercial or otherwise) or the clientele (mostly retail or business customers) of the place of business.
In the process of such approval, the following matters would be examined:
       
-   There is no likelihood that the operation of a processing system for domestic exchange transactions using a telecommunication line should be interfered with
-   Customers should not be inconvenienced considerably
-   The place of business does not offer a checking account service (Article 5 of the Enforcement Ordinance of the Banking Law; Article 15 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
    (2) Hours of operation of a bank
        A regulation amendment has been made so that the statutory hours of operation (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.) may be changed in the case of a place of business of a bank that does not offer a checking account service where, due to circumstances similar to those under Section (1) above, closing within the statutory hours of operation would not inconvenience customers. Such a change may be implemented upon notification to the Prime Minister (Article 16 and Article 35, paragraph 1, item 7 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
 
2.
Contracting-out of cash receipt and payment administration regarding a lending operation
    In addition to the contracting-out of cash receipt and payment administration regarding a deposit operation using ATMs of a so-called external business (a securities company or non-bank financial institution, etc.), the ban on the contracting-out of cash receipt and payment administration regarding a lending operation has now been lifted. A restriction has been imposed in the case of cash receipt and payment administration regarding a lending operation through the use of ATMs of a party whose main business is in credit facilities: such administration must be limited for deposit or government bond secured loans only (Article 13-6-4 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law; 2006 Financial Services Agency Notice (Re: Specifying contractors, etc. in the case of third-party contract on the receipt and payment administration for deposits, etc. under the provisions of Article 13-6-4 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law)).
 
3.
Voting right ownership restriction for a bank, etc.
    A regulation amendment has been made so that, with respect to the restriction for a bank or a subsidiary of a bank against owning a certain number of voting rights of a domestic company (Article 16-3 of the Banking Law), voting right ownership beyond the limit is now allowed if approval is obtained in advance, owing to the fact that there are reasonable grounds, such as conversion of non-voting shares issued by a customer company of a bank or a subsidiary of a bank, which were acquired on the basis of a reasonable management improvement plan set by and between the bank or the subsidiary of a bank and the said company, to voting shares for the purpose of disposing of them within a suitable period of time as a result of the improvement of the said company's management (Article 17-6, paragraph 1, item 11 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Banking Law).
   
Note: Measures similar to those described in Sections 1 to 3 above have also been taken for long-term credit banks, shinkin banks, rokin banks and credit cooperatives.
 
4.
Restriction against lending to non-members of a shinkin bank, etc.
    While a cooperative-type financial institution, such as a shinkin bank, is not allowed, in the light of its particular organizational characteristic, to lend to non-members an amount exceeding 20% of the aggregate amount of loans, etc. made by the said shinkin bank, etc., a regulation amendment has been made so that, within the scope of the said restriction:
   
-   Funds may be lent to and bills may be discounted for independent administrative institutions and local independent administrative institutions; and
-   Funds may be lent to selected project operators prescribed in Article 2, paragraph 5 of the Law Concerning Promotion of Development, etc. of Public Facilities, etc. Using Private Funds, etc. (1999 Law No. 117) in relation to selected projects prescribed in paragraph 4 of the same Article (Article 8, etc. of the Enforcement Ordinance of the Shinkin Bank Law).
   
Note: Similar measures have also been taken for rokin banks and credit cooperatives.
[return to Contents]
[Next Page]